This fragility makes it difficult to achieve entangled states and limits the development of complex quantum computations. Up to now, the experiments carried out in semi-conducting GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures exhibited the possibility to encode information in the charge or the spin of an electron, but strong decoherence in these systems implies a great weakness of these quantum states, which survives only below temperatures of 100mK and electrical biases of 40μV. ![]() In this context, one of the main stakes is the achievement of quantum bits using electronic states, as well as the creation of entangled electronic states, which are the building blocks to achieve complex quantum computations. the realization of the electronic analogue of quantum optics experiments, represents a developing and recent research field, offering interesting perspectives for quantum computing. Finally, the generation technique could be applied to cold atomic gases, leading to the possibility of atomic levitons.Įlectron quantum optics, i.e. But they can also carry a fraction of charge if they are implemented in Luttinger liquids or in fractional quantum Hall edge channels this allows the study of Abelian and non-Abelian quasiparticles in the time domain. Levitons are not limited to carrying a single charge, and so in a broader context n-particle levitons could find application in the study of full electron counting statistics. ![]() Compared with electron sources based on quantum dots, the generation of levitons does not require delicate nanolithography, considerably simplifying the circuitry for scalability. The latter, obtained by colliding synchronized levitons on a beam splitter, exemplifies the potential use of levitons for quantum information: using linear electron quantum optics in ballistic conductors, it is possible to imagine flying-qubit operation in which the Fermi statistics are exploited to entangle synchronized electrons emitted by distinct sources. Further identification of levitons is provided in the energy domain with shot-noise spectroscopy, and in the time domain with electronic Hong-Ou-Mandel noise correlations. Minimal-excitation states are observed for Lorentzian pulses, whereas for other pulse shapes there are significant contributions from holes. Partitioning the excitations with an electronic beam splitter generates a current noise that we use to measure their number. Here we report that such quasiparticles (hereafter termed levitons) can be generated on demand in a conductor by applying voltage pulses to a contact. However, it was predicted nearly 20 years ago that a Lorentzian time-dependent potential with quantized flux generates a minimal excitation with only one particle and no hole. This is because any perturbation affects all states below the Fermi energy, resulting in a complex superposition of particle and hole excitations.
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